I) Meaning & Nature of Science:-
Science – Latin word Scientia means Knowledge
“Science is a systematic enterprise of gathering knowledge about the world & organising & condensing that knowledge into testable laws & Theories.
Science:-
1) Systematised body of knowledge
2) Organised Common Sense
3) Heap of Truth
Definition of Science:-
“Science is that human endeavour that seeks to describe with ever increasing accuracy the events & circumstances that occur or exist within our natural environment.
- John Woodburn & EO Obourn
Science Includes:
1) Direct & Indirect Observations
2) Scientific Inquiry- Asking Question
3) The drawing of inference from evidences
4) Recording Observations
5) Developing ways & means to find answers
APPROACHES OF SCIENCE
Science as a product:-
- Established facts, laws, Principles,
Theories, Concepts
Science as a Process:-
- Methods or the way the facts are established Scientific attitude Scientific Methods Science Mindedness.
* SCIENCE AS A PRODUCT:-
Scientific Facts:-
1) Known to be true or accepted as true
2) Basis of all Knowledge
Functions of Facts:-
1) Initiate
2) Modify or define
3) Redefine & clarify new knowledge
Concepts:-
Assumed to be a set of specific objects, symbols or event which share common characteristics & can be referenced by a particular name or symbols.
Characteristics of Concepts:-
1) Generalised ideas – Specialized Ideas
2) From simple of complex – Maxim
3) Acquisition of knowledge
4) Complete ideas
5) Abstraction to classify words
6) Learning by activity
7) Various Dimensions
EXAMPLES OF CONCEPTS:-
1) All living things show the characteristics of life.
2) All living things are made up of cells.
3) An organism is the product of its heredity & environment.
4) Atom is composed of electrons, protons & neutrons.
5) The momentum of a body is equal to the product of its mass & its velocity.
GENERIZATION:-
When facts & concepts are properly classified on the basis of various scientific processes they give rise to generalization.
Scientific Processes:-
1) Observation
2) Measurement
3) Inference
4) Formulating Hypothesis
5) Classification
6) Communication
7) Prediction
8) Experimentation
Example of Generalization:-
1) All bodies are attracted by the earth.
2) Co2 is neither combustible nor a supporter of combustion.
3) Band of colours of the rainbow in the sky.
SCIENTIFIC LAWS:-
“A Verified generalization”
“As a factual statement of what always happens in certain circumstances.”
Eg. Keplers Law:
1) Description in nature
2) Based on observational evidence
3) Explained by deduction from laws of broader scope.
CHARACTERISITICS OF SCIENTIFIC LAWS:-
Eg. Keplers law of Planetary motion deducted from Neutons law of gravitation & motion.
Types of Scientific Laws:-
Concerned with ideas & Principles no observations
1) Theoritical eg. Avogadros’ experiments & experience law.
2) Empirical eg. Hook’s Law directly observable
3) Universal Law
Eg Law of conservation of change. Amount of electric charges in an isolated system.
Statistical law is always preserved.
Eg Toss of coin 50% chances of landing head up.
References:- How to Teach Science by Dr. V.K Kohli
Teaching of science by J.K Sood
NATURE OF SCIENCE:-
I) BRANCHES OF SCIENCE:- Pure & Applied
Branches of Science
A) Pure Science:-
Development of theories, establishing relations between the phenomena of the universe. E.g. Study of Radioactivity
B) Applied Science:-
1) Application of working laws of pure science to practical affairs of life.
2) To increased mans’ control over his environment
Eg Results of radioactivity is applied in
§ Cancer treatment in medicine
§ Agriculture
§ In geology.
Thus, both branches are naturally dependent & interacting.
III Importance of Science:-
1) Scientific Temper
2) Scientific Outlook
3) Scientific Attitude
4) Scientific values
SCIENTIFIC VALUES:-
1) Intellectual Values
2) Utilisation Values
3) Disciplinary Values
4) Vocational Values
5) Aesthetic Values
6) Cultural Values
7) Psychological Values
8) Social Values
9) Moral Values
1) Scientific Values:-
Intellectual Values:-
1) Sense of meaningful observation
2) Fact Reasoning
3) Purposeful thinking
4) Concentration
5) Analysis & Synthesis
6) Avoids bias / prejudices & helps to sharpen their intellect & make them intellectually honest.
Utilitarian Values:-
1) Improve standards of our life
2) Helping instrument in guiding our daily living
3) Living Styles
Disciplinary Values:-
1) Develops & control mental abilities
2) Habits of truthfulness
3) Sense of logical reasoning
4) Creative & critical thinking
5) Inculcate spirit of inquiry seriousness open-mindedness
6) Unbiased decision taking
7) Systematic Work
8) Health exchange of thoughts
9) Disciplined Life
10) Working with confidence
Vocational Values:-
1) Dairy
2) Poultry
3) Agriculture
4) Banking
1) Teaching
2) Factories
3) Industries
Aesthatic Values:-
1) Cleanliness
2) Truthfulness
3) Honesty
4) Systematic well organised & well thought out plans & actions.
5) Beauty, art a source of entertainment
6) Physical comfort
Cultural Values:-
1) Social heritage
2) Way of thinking
3) Beliefs
4) Traditions
5) Customs
6) Ways & life styles
Psychological Values:-
1) Creativeness
2) Self – assertion
3) Curiosity
4) Emphasizes on the principles of learning by doing
5) Learning by observation
6) Activity method
Social Values:-
1) Progress of society
2) Brings whole world together
3) Pillars of society
4) Social life happy, healthy comfortable & easy
Moral Values:-
1) Develops Morality
2) Man with morality is true & exact
3) True & exactness is the outcome of science
4) Never manipulate observations
5) Never misinterpret the facts.
Reference:- Teaching of science by Dr. A.B Bhatnagar & Dr. S.S Bhatnagar.
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