A) Lesson Planning:-
- Definition:-
1) “A lesson plan is not a blue print that one has to adhere to it at all costs. It is, rather, a guide, an index of sequence of class-room activities, list of important teaching points; suggestions for procedures that may be followed during the period. The teacher may & should modify the plan or change any part of it whenever necessary.
2) “A lesson plan may be defined as a teaching outline of the important points of a lesson arranged in an order in which they are to be presented. It may include objectives, points to be asked, references to materials, assignments etc.
3) “ A lesson plan may be defined as an organized statement of general & specific goals together with the specific means by which these goals are to be attained by the learner under the guidance of the teacher on a given day.”
Lesson Plan:-
1) Plan of action
2) Heart of an Objective Teaching
3) Systematic preparation done in scientific manner
4) Achievements of teacher by what means & class activities it can be achieved.
- Significance of Lesson Planning:-
1) Regular work
2) Systematic orderly & well organized
3) Confidence & self- reliance
4) Evaluating
5) Lesson Planning
6) Proceed with a particular aim
7) Develop interest desirable & attitude
8) Save time
9) Freedom in teaching
10) Establish connection between different lesson of study
11) Stimulates to introduce questions & illustrations
12) Guidance- what & how should teach
13) Teaching based on individual differences
14) Compels to think & use of teaching aids
15) Clarifies outlook of the teacher
16) Inspires to improve further lessons
- Lesson Planning:-
Mr J.F Herbartian Steps
1) Preparation (Introduction)
2) Presentation
3) Association
4) Generalisation
5) Application
6) Recapitulation
1) Preparation:-
- Testing of previous knowledge
- Arousing curiosity by the novelty of experimentation or activity
- Story telling
- Use of charts, pictures & models
- Skilful Discussion
- Ascertain what pupils already know relevant to the topic
- Provide link between the previous knowledge & new lesson
2) Presentation:-
- Aim of lesson
- Actual lesson begins
- New ideas & knowledge
- Teacher students participation
- Use of demonstration activities & other ideas
- Judicious questioning to draw out from students
- Heuristic atmosphere
3) Association Comparison:-
- Compairing / associating new ideas or knowledge
- Establishing principles
- Generalizing definitions
4) Generalization:-
- Establishing formulae, principles or laws
- Drawing conclusions themselves
5) Application:-
- Rules or formulae
- Generalizations & verification Applied to life situation
- Knowledge becomes clear & meaningful
- Recapitulation:-
- Understanding & grasping of subject matter
- Different Ways:
1) Asking suitable questions on the topic taught
2) Asking a short objective type test
3) Asking the pupils to lable the unlabelled sketch
- Unit Planning:-
1) Units of instruction break up a course into meaningful parts
2) Comprises daily planning
3) Planning of seven days teaching
Definition:-
- A unit is an effective way to organise instruction around a theme. A unit plan is a detailed outline for a series of inter- related lessons for a selected theme from a subject.
- A unit is neither a block of subject matter nor an independent lesson. It represents a theme around which some lessons can be developed.
- Unit planning is an organized instruction material which teachers select & develop from the available resources to impart instruction with its focus on expected educational outcomes.
- Significance of unit planning:-
1) Teaching units are integrated
2) Easier for students to follow
3) Sustain comprehension & interest of the students
4) Understand proceadure for developing a unit
5) Develops readiness in getting students ready for a new experience
6) Helps pupil to assimilate in learning
7) Division of syllabus into workable sections.
- Steps involved in developing unit planning:-
1) Preparation or motivation
2) Knowing the previous knowledge
3) Presentation
4) Summarization
5) Review & drill
6) Evaluation
1) Preparation or motivation:-
- To achieve purpose
- Not forced from outside
- Natural & self directed overview the unit & find out the scope of material well as thought out the lesson.
2) Knowing the previous knowledge:-
- Questioning
- Inventory
- Demonstrating
- Recitation
- Story
3) Presentation:-
- Direct experience or vicarious
- New experience should be given which students may easily assimilate.
4) Organisation of learning:-
- Opportunities to bring their learning together
- Establish relationship between new experiences & assimilate them.
- May be written or verbal
5) Summarization:-
- Closure of teaching unit
- Bring together all learning
- Possible at intervals during the progress of unit
6) Review & drill:-
- Required when some part may be forgotten during progress of teaching unit & some may not be completely comprehended.
- Required at number of places during the lesson
7) Evaluation:-
- What students have achieved
- Where they have failed to achieve
- Mainly in the form of oral written test
- In the form of performance tests, interviews, self – check tests, puzzles
- Effectiveness of teaching
ences:-
- How to teach science by V.K Kohli
- Teaching of science by Dr. A.B Bhatnagar & Dr S.S Bhatnagar
- Method of Teaching Science:-
Lecture method:-
Teaching a lesson in the form of speech or talk followed in colleges & schools
Concept:-
- Teacher Talks
- Students are passive listeners
- No motivation
- No stimulation of observation & reasoning, the exercise of which is so essential in learning process.
- Teacher centred method
Do not expect any question or response from the students.
Merits:
1) Economical
2) Speedy
3) Useful for factual information
4) Useful for logical sequence
5) Time saving
6) Inspirational Values
Limitations:-
1) Spoon Feeding
2) Teacher centered too rapid
3) Unpsychological
4) No inculcation of scientific attitude
5) No learning by doing
6) No critical thinking
7) Memory based
Suggestions for Improvement:-
1) Use of black board
2) Use of teaching aids
3) Stress on principles of generalisation
4) Work to be given use of previous knowledge
5) Questions to be put up students from time to time
Laboratory Method:-
- Involves carrying out experiments by either individuals or in small groups.
- “Students are encouraged to derive the laws & principles of science themselves by actually performing the experiments.
- Learning by their own experience, observation, testing & verification.
- Supervision & guidance by the teacher.
Advantages or Merits:-
1) Learning by doing
2) Child centered approach
3) Inculcate spirit of discovery
4) Based on maxims of teaching
5) Develops scientific attitude, outlook, temper
6) Active & alert
7) Scientific method training
8) Systematic in their day-to- day affair.
9) Proves the way for the explanation, experimentation, verification of scientific facts & principles.
10) Concrete & direct self experiences
11) Learns practicle skills
12) Assist in providing good virtues
13) Developes habits
14) Qualitative & quantitative solutions to the problems.
Limitations:-
1) Strenuous efforts on the part of teacher & students
2) Speed for learning & teaching
3) Limited applicability
4) Expensive & uneconomical
5) Requires more time for conclusion.
Problem solving method or method of scientist or scientific method:-
- Applied by the scientist in the pursuit of science.
- Develops scientific attitude & training
Definition of problem solving:-
- Problem solving may be defines as planned attack upon a difficulty or perplexity for the purpose of finding a satisfactory solution.
- A process of raising a problem in the minds of students in such a way as to stimulate purposeful, reflective thinking in arriving at a rational solution.
Characteristics of a problem:-
1) Mental level physical capabilities
2) Interest & aptitudes
3) Challenges & develop thinking & reasoning power.
4) Relation with previous knowledge
5) Burdenless
6) Relevant & needs of students
7) Availability of material
8) Fit in the administrative frame work
9) New & novel develops creativity
10) Critical necessary to evaluate hypothesis
11) Educative value
12) Practicle utility
Procedure or Steps in problem solving:-
1) Collection of relevant data
2) Formulation of hypothesis
3) Prediction of other observable phenomena
4) Observation of predictable phenomena
5) Drawing conclusion
6) Statement of problem
1) Statement of the problem:-
- Identification or selection of a problem
- State or define problem
- Level & need of students
- Clear, exact, simple & unambiguous words
2) Collection of relevant data:-
- Collected from all sources- Library, books, observations, use of instruments, etc.
- Careful about the errors
1) Mechanical Errors: Through apparatus or used instruments
2) Personal Errors: Personal bias & tendencies.
3) Formulation of Hypothesis:-
- Probable solution for the problem- Predictive or tentative
- Freedom from bias & self inclination
- Design objectively on the basis of facts or information gathered.
4) Prediction of other observable phenomena:-
- Derived from the hypothesis
- Implications of the hypothesis are drawn.
5) Observation of predicted phenomena:-
- Conducting experiments
- Occurrence or non-occurrence of the practicle phenomena
- Prove or reject predictions
- More observations
6) Drawing Conclusions:-
- Neither proved or disproved
- Exceptional results are observed
- Modification of hypothesis
- Negative results
- Rejection of hypothesis
- Possitive results
- Acceptance of hypothesis
- Accept, rejection or modification of hypothesis
- Examples:-
1) To connect circuit in such a way so that one can switch on & off the given bulb from different points
2) How long does the stone actually take to fall from top to bottom of the well & also to find the depth of the well.
3) To find that the angle pf deviation depends upon which of the following:-
- Angle of incidence
- Distance between the mirrors
- Length of the mirrors
- Angle between the mirrors
Merits of problem solving method:-
1) Principle of psychology learning by doing
2) Training in scientific method
3) Develops scientific attitude
4) Self dependent
5) Learn by their own planning & administration
6) Develop habit of diligence
7) Students carry out their work themselves at their own pace
8) Self dependent, self reliance, self confidence develops
9) Attention towards individual
10) Knowledge gained can be retained (self activity learning)
11) Develops skills:
Limitations of problem solving method:-
1) Impracticable for prescribed syllabus
2) Stress on experimentation
3) Stress on practicle work & wrong idea of the nature of science
4) Presupposes that students are problem solvers or discoverers
5) Presupposes a gifted & creative teacher to guide the students
6) Long & slow process
7) Very costly – well equipped lab, workshops, rich libraries, need highly qualified & trained personnel
8) No textbook available – demands extra work (Over burdened teacher)
